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Training & Safety Online Learning Emergency Procedures Fire

Fire

Safety Spotlight: Emergency Procedures

In this Section
First Do No Harm
Engine Failure
Fire
Other Emergencies
Off Airport Landings
Survival
Rules to Live By
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Glass

You will lose the primary flight and/or engine instrument displays after turning off electrical power in a glass cockpit aircraft. If power is needed momentarily, use it, then promptly turn the master switch off and rely on the mechanical backup instruments (usually an altimeter, and airspeed and attitude indicators). Handheld radios and nav/GPS receivers are extremely useful under these circumstances.

Fire is one of the worst things that can go wrong in an airplane. When faced with smoke and/or fire, your primary goal is to fly the airplane safely to the ground as quickly as practical.

Electrical Fire

Many pilots associate an in-flight fire with a flame-filled cockpit. Usually, though, the first signs of an electrical fire are much more subtle—a slight burning odor, a higher than normal electrical load, or tripped circuit breakers, for example. Abnormal behavior of electrical components such as avionics—and random failures of multiple components—can also tip you off to fire in a hidden area.

“Declare an emergency—Advise ATC you have a fire and may need to shut down the aircraft’s electrical system. You will receive priority handling!”

Short Circuit vs. Tripped Circuit

A tripped circuit breaker creates an “open circuit,” cutting off the flow of electricity. A “short circuit,” on the other hand, means electricity is flowing along a different path than the one intended. Electric current will find the easiest pathway back to its source, leading to arcing between an exposed or damaged wire and a different circuit or a ground source, such as the aircraft structure. When this happens, huge amounts of current are effectively “pulled” through the wire, exceeding its amperage rating, damaging it, and possibly starting a fire.

Troubleshooting

Shut down all the electrical equipment and then bring it back online, one piece at a time. This can help trace the issue to the faulty equipment. On the other hand, if the circumstances don’t require electrical power, it’s best to leave everything turned off. If there’s a significant amount of smoke in the cockpit, head for the ground. Have a small Halon fire extinguisher handy in the cockpit. A smoke hood may also be a worthwhile purchase.

Circuit Breakers

Aircraft electrical systems have circuit breakers or fuses that protect the wiring—not an electrical device—by opening (i.e., “popping”) the circuit in the event of a current overload. This stops the flow of electricity before the wire’s amperage rating is exceeded and it overheats. Therefore, only reset essential breakers when absolutely necessary—but recognize that this can re-create the situation that caused the problem in the first place, potentially causing the fire to reignite. Never reset non-essential circuit breakers.

Damaged Wiring

The presence of smoke or a burning odor is a sure indicator that wiring has been damaged, rendering the aircraft unairworthy. Write a detailed incident description in the aircraft’s maintenance log or discrepancy sheet, noting which components were in use when the problem started. This, along with appropriately placed placards and/or other notices, informs other pilots of the aircraft’s status and prevents it from being operated until the problem has been addressed.

Damaged Wiring or The Regs

The Regs

Until repairs can be made, FAR 91.213 allows non-turbine powered general aviation aircraft to be operated with certain non-critical components inoperative, but only if they are: (i) Removed from the aircraft, the cockpit control placarded, and maintenance recorded; or (ii) Deactivated (normally by collaring the circuit breaker to prevent it from being reset) and placarded “inoperative”; and (iii) an appropriately rated and certificated mechanic or pilot determines that the inoperative instrument or equipment does not constitute a hazard to the aircraft.

To Vent or Not

With smoke in the cockpit, you may need to open a door, window, or vent to let in fresh air. While opening doors and windows is effective in some airplanes, it can actually increase the hazard potential in others. Know which is appropriate for your airplane.

Ignition Source

Damaged wiring may serve as an ignition source for surrounding fabric, oil, fuel, or other contaminants. In older aircraft, the wiring insulation could sustain a fire—and it may continue to burn even after the circuit breaker has tripped. In addition to flames, the smoke from the insulation or surrounding materials may be toxic and incapacitating.

The AOPA Air Safety Institute’s Aging Aircraft safety spotlight is an excellent free resource to help aircraft owners recognize and mitigate risks associated with aging aircraft.

In-flight Fire

On July 10, 2007, the pilots of a Cessna 310 reported smoke in the cockpit and asked ATC for a diversion to Florida’s nearby Orlando Sanford International Airport (SFB). Sadly, they didn’t make it: The aircraft crashed into a residential area just a few miles from the airport, killing both pilots and three people on the ground. One day before the accident, another pilot had noted a burning smell following failure of the airplane’s weather radar system. He pulled the associated circuit breaker and noted the discrepancy in the aircraft’s log. The NTSB determined that the accident pilots likely reset the breaker, resulting in an in-flight fire.

Engine Fire

An immediate emergency landing is usually the best response to an engine fire. Shut off the fuel, make an emergency descent, and find a place to land. If fire reaches fuel tanks, or other critical parts of the airframe, the consequences could be dire.

The presence of smoke or a burning odor is a sure indicator that wiring has been damaged, rendering the aircraft no longer airworthy.

Real Pilot Story: Fire in the Cockpit

One minute, it was a routine training flight—the next, a struggle for survival. Learn how the instructor handled the emergency before the cockpit was completely engulfed in flames.

Fire Strategies

  • Prepare to land—Fly the aircraft, stay calm, and land as soon as possible, even if it means an off-airport landing. In IMC, try to reach VFR conditions.

  • Declare an emergency—Advise ATC you have a fire and may need to shut down the aircraft’s electrical system. You will receive priority handling!

  • Circuit breakers—Look for tripped circuit breakers and turn off their associated components. If you can identify a component that is potentially involved and not essential to a safe landing, but its breaker isn’t tripped, pull the breaker.

  • Master switch—If you can’t immediately identify the problem, turn off the master switch, then individually turn off all the other electrical components. You will lose lighting, electrical flaps, and certain flight instruments once the master switch is off.

  • Extinguisher—Equip the cockpit with a Halon fire extinguisher in case you need to put out flames.

  • Know your aircraft’s electrical system—Assist with your aircraft’s routine inspections and maintenance and attend programs or seminars sponsored by aircraft type clubs, maintenance experts, the AOPA Air Safety Institute, and the FAA.

In this Section
First Do No Harm
Engine Failure
Fire
Other Emergencies
Off Airport Landings
Survival
Rules to Live By